Growth Trends and Disbursement Ratios of BAZNAS RI Zakat Funds: An Analysis of Audited Financial Statements, 2017–2022
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47077/ekosiana.v13i1.648الملخص
Purpose – This study examines how the zakat funds managed by the National Board of Zakat of the Republic of Indonesia (BAZNAS RI) grew between 2017 and 2022 and how completely the funds raised were channelled to recipients. Design/methodology/approach – A quantitative, descriptive time-series design was applied to six audited financial statements (statement of changes in funds and statement of financial position; 2016 comparatives used only as a base year). Growth was measured with year-on-year change, compound annual growth rate (CAGR) and log-linear trend; disbursement was assessed with three ratios: the flow disbursement ratio, the stock-adjusted disbursement effectiveness ratio, and balance coverage. Findings – Zakat receipts rose from Rp138.1 billion to Rp546.4 billion (CAGR 31.66%) and disbursement from Rp118.1 billion to Rp530.6 billion (CAGR 35.06%). The disbursement ratio increased from 85.5% to 97.1%, with one exceptional year (2018: 125.3%) in which disbursement exceeded receipts and the closing zakat balance fell by 40.8%. The stock-adjusted effectiveness ratio improved from 55.4% to 80.1%. Fakir miskin accounted for 62.9–71.0% of annual disbursement, while the amil allocation stayed near 12.2–14.5% of receipts. Originality/value – The paper proposes a three-indicator framework that separates flow, stock and liquidity dimensions of zakat distribution, and shows that growth in collection was matched by growth in distribution rather than by accumulation. Practical implications – The results support disclosure of balance-composition and restricted/unrestricted-use information, consistent classification of disbursement lines, and sustainable financing of amil operations. Because the design is descriptive with six annual observations, results are not causal.
Keywords: zakat; BAZNAS RI; disbursement ratio; growth trend; audited financial statements; Islamic social finance
المراجع
Ahmad, I. H., & Ma’in, M. (2014). The efficiency of zakat collection and distribution: Evidence from two-stage analysis. Journal of Economic Cooperation and Development, 35(3), 133–169.
Akbar, N., Ikhwan, I., & Nurpahla, N. (2022). Efficiency determinants of zakat institutions in Indonesia. Share: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Islam, 11(1), 78–93. https://doi.org/10.22373/share.v11i1.10341
Al Haq, M. A., Abd Wahab, N., & Alam, M. M. (2021). Understanding the impact of institutional factors on asnaf sustainability: A PLS-SEM approach. Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance, 7(4), 759–790. https://ideas.repec.org/a/idn/jimfjn/v7y2021i4hp759-790.html
Alam, A., Ratnasari, R. T., Prasetyo, A., Ryandono, M. N. H., & Sholihah, U. (2024). Systematic literature review on zakat distribution studies as Islamic social fund. Journal of Distribution Science, 22(2), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.15722/jds.22.02.202402.21
Altamimi, H., & Liu, Q. (2022). The nonprofit starvation cycle: Does overhead spending really impact program outcomes? Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 51(6), 1324–1348. https://doi.org/10.1177/08997640211057404
Andriani, A., Sukoharsono, E. G., Andayani, W., & Roekhudin, R. (2026). What has been discussed on zakat institutions? A bibliometric study. Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance, 11(4), 825–858. https://doi.org/10.21098/JIMF.V11I4.2927
Arifin, N., & Anwar, A. Z. (2021). The improvement model of microenterprises of post-disaster through empowerment of productive zakat. Journal of Governance and Regulation, 10(4), 156. https://doi.org/10.22495/JGRV10I4ART14
Asni, F., Yusli, Y., & Zulkifli, M. I. (2025). Empowering asnaf entrepreneurs: A sustainable zakat framework through microcredit financing – qard hasan in Malaysia. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-11-2024-0442
Ayuniyyah, Q., Pramanik, A. H., Md Saad, N., & Ariffin, M. I. (2022). The impact of zakat in poverty alleviation and income inequality reduction from the perspective of gender in West Java, Indonesia. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 15(5), 924–942. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-08-2020-0403. (Emerald Publishing)
Budiantoro, R. A., Luthfi, F., & Herianingrum, S. (2018). Measuring the efficiency of BAZNAS in managing zakat funds with stochastic frontier approach analysis, 2002–2016. International Journal of Zakat, 3(1), 89–107. https://doi.org/10.37706/ijaz.v3i1.70
Djaghballou, C.-E., Djaghballou, M., Larbani, M., & Mohamad, A. (2018). Efficiency and productivity performance of zakat funds in Algeria. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 11(3), 474–494. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-07-2017-0185
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Agency theory: An assessment and review. Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 57–74. https://doi.org/10.2307/258191
Esa, M. S. M., Wahid, H., & Yaacob, S. E. (2025). Revamping zakat distribution: Asnaf empowerment through conditional cash transfer. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 20(5), 2055–2064. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.200522
Fadhilah, Z. R. N., & Fitanto, B. (2025). Efficiency and financial performance of BAZNAS: A stochastic frontier and international standard of zakat management approach. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori dan Terapan. https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JESTT/article/view/69151
Ghufran, T. M., Zaenal, M. H., & Endri, E. (2023). Efficiency of zakat institutions: Evidence from an emerging economy. Corporate Governance and Organizational Behavior Review, 7(2), 338–349. https://doi.org/10.22495/cgobrv7i2sip12
Herianingrum, S., Supriani, I., Sukmana, R., Effendie, E., Widiastuti, T., Fauzi, Q., & Shofawati, A. (2023). Zakat as an instrument of poverty reduction in Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-11-2021-0307
Hudaefi, F. A., Caraka, R. E., & Wahid, H. (2022). Zakat administration in times of COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia: A knowledge discovery via text mining. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 15(2), 271–286. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-05-2020-0250. (Emerald Publishing)
Islam, M. K., Mitu, S. T., Munshi, R., & Khanam, R. (2023). Perceptions about the common malpractice of zakat paying in Bangladesh during Covid-19 pandemic: Evidence from the supply side. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 14(3), 361–378. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-09-2021-0253
Lecy, J. D., & Searing, E. A. M. (2015). Anatomy of the nonprofit starvation cycle: An analysis of falling overhead ratios in the nonprofit sector. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 44(3), 539–563. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764014527175. (Sage Journals)
Mohamed Esa, M. S., Wahid, H., Yaacob, S. E., & Mohamad, A. H. H. (2025). Asnaf development outcome: A systematic literature review and logic model development. SAGE Open, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251357982
Mustaffa, N. M., Wan Jusoh, W. N. H., Lateh, N., Ahmad, S., Ahmad, M. H. S., & Adnan, A. A. (2025). Framework construct on zakat studies for institutional development: A systematic literature review. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 17(4), 1491–1517. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-06-2024-0232
Pericoli, A. (2023). The use of zakat in the pandemic response: The case of Islamic Relief and BAZNAS in Indonesia. Third World Quarterly, 44(3), 405–422. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2022.2150161
Prayuda, D., & Akbar, N. (2025). Efficiency analysis of Indonesian zakat institutions at the provincial level. AZKA International Journal of Zakat & Social Finance, 6(2), 207–234. https://doi.org/10.51377/azjaf.vol6no2.208
Riani, D., Meutia, M., Taqi, M., & Ismawati, I. (2024). Efficiency and stability of zakat institutions in Malaysia and Indonesia: DEA window analysis. TEM Journal, 13(1), 303–314. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM131-32
Ryandono, M. N. H., Widiastuti, T., Cahyono, E. F., Filianti, D., Qulub, A. S., & Al Mustofa, M. U. (2023). Efficiency of zakat institutions in Indonesia: Data envelopment analysis (DEA) vs free disposal hull (FDH) vs super-efficiency DEA. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 14(8), 1344–1363. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-05-2021-0144
Santoso, I. R., Mallongi, S., Siradjuddin, & Paly, M. B. (2024). Mediating effects of Islamic business success on productive zakat and mustahiq welfare. International Journal of Business and Society, 25(1), 111–127. https://doi.org/10.33736/IJBS.6903.2024
Tuckman, H. P., & Chang, C. F. (1991). A methodology for measuring the financial vulnerability of charitable nonprofit organizations. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 20(4), 445–460. https://doi.org/10.1177/089976409102000407
Widiastuti, T., Auwalin, I., Rani, L. N., & Ubaidillah Al Mustofa, M. (2021). A mediating effect of business growth on zakat empowerment program and mustahiq’s welfare. Cogent Business & Management, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2021.1882039
Widiastuti, T., Cahyono, E. F., Zulaikha, S., Mawardi, I., & Al Mustofa, M. U. (2021). Optimizing zakat governance in East Java using analytical network process (ANP): The role of zakat technology (ZakaTech). Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 12(3), 301–319. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-09-2020-0307
Zakiy, F. S., Falikhatun, F., & Fauziah, N. N. (2023). Sharia governance and organizational performance in zakat management organization: Evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-06-2023-0188
